题目

 Calculate fixed production overhead expenditure and volume variances and then subdivide the volume variance. 

考点:Chapter11Varianceanalysis

Fixed overhead expenditure variance

 This is the difference between budgeted and actual fixed costs.  

                                                                                                                                   $ 

Budgeted expenditure ($50 × 900)                                                             45,000 

Actual expenditure                                                                                          47,000 

Expenditure variance (actual spending higher than budgeted)               2,000 (A) 

Fixed overhead volume variance 

This is calculated when the standard cost is a full production cost that includes absorbed fixed overhead. It is not calculated in a system of standard marginal costing; it is the difference between the budgeted and actual production volumes. It is converted into a money value at the standard production overhead cost per unit.  

                                                                                                                            Units 

Budgeted production at standard rate (900 × $50)                                   900 

Actual production at standard rate (800 × $50)                                          800 

Volume variance in units (output less than budget)                                  100 (A) 

Standard production overhead cost per unit                                              $50 

Volume variance in $                                                                                 $5,000 (A) 

The volume variance may be analysed into an efficiency and a capacity variance. Fixed overhead efficiency variance + Capacity variance = Volume variance. 

Fixed overhead volume efficiency variance 

This is the same as the labour efficiency variance in hours. It is converted into a monetary value at the standard production overhead rate per hour. 

                                                                                                                         $  

800 units should have taken (× five hrs)                                          4,000 hrs  

         but did take                                                                                    4,200 hrs  

Volume efficiency variance in hours                                                      200 (A)  

× standard absorption rate per hour                                                  × $10  

Volume efficiency variance                                                                  $2,000 (A) 

Fixed overhead volume capacity variance 

This is the difference between the budgeted hours of work (budgeted capacity) and the actual hours worked in production. It is converted into a monetary value at the standard production overhead rate per hour.  

Budgeted hours                                                                                 4,500 hrs  

Actual hours                                                                                        4,200 hrs  

Volume capacity variance in hours                                                    300 (A)  

× standard absorption rate per hour ($50 ÷ 5)                             × $10  

                                                                                                             $3,000 (A) 

多做几道

 A public health clinic is the subject of a scheme to measure its efficiency and effectiveness. Among a number of factors, the 'quality of care provided' has been included as an aspect of the clinic's service to be measured. Three features of 'quality of care provided' have been listed. 

(1) Clinic's adherence to appointment times 

(2) Patients' ability to contact the clinic and make appointments without difficulty 

(3) The provision of a comprehensive patient health monitoring programme 

Required

 (i) Suggest a set of quantitative measures which can be used to identify the effective level of achievement of each of the features listed.

(ii) Indicate how these measures could be combined into a single 'quality of care' measure. 

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18

【论述题】

The absence of the profit measure in non profit seeking organisations causes problems for the measurement of their efficiency and effectiveness. 

Required 

(i) Explain why the absence of the profit measure should be a cause of the problems referred to.

(ii) Explain how these problems extend to activities within business entities which have a profit motive. Support your answer with examples. 

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24

【论述题】

Compare and contrast the use of residual income and return on investment in divisionalperformance measurement, stating the advantages and disadvantages of each. 

 Division Y of Chardonnay currently has capital employed of $100,000 and earns an annual profit after depreciation of $18,000. The divisional manager is considering an investment of $10,000 in an asset which will have a ten-year life with no residual value and will earn a constant annual profit after depreciation of $1,600. The cost of capital is 15%. 

Calculate the following and comment on the results. 

(i) The return on divisional investment before and after the new investment 

(ii) The divisional residual income before and after the new investment 

 Explain the potential benefits of operating a transfer pricing system within a divisionalised company. 

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