题目

 Perrin Co has two divisions, A and B. 

Division A has limited skilled labour and is operating at full capacity making product Y. It has been asked to supply a different product, X, to division B. Division B currently sources this product externally for $700 per unit. 

The same grade of materials and labour is used in both products. The cost cards for each product are shown below: 

Product                                                                                           Y                        X 

                                                                                                   ($)/unit              ($)/unit 

Selling price                                                                                600                     – 

Direct materials ($50 per kg)                                                   200                  150 

Direct labour ($20 per hour)                                                       80                  120 

Apportioned fixed overheads ($15 per hour)                           60                    90 

Using an opportunity cost approach to transfer pricing, what is the minimum transfer price? 

A

 $270 

B

 $750 

C

 $590 

D

 $840 

Chapter17Divisionalperformanceandtransferpricing

Using the opportunity cost approach to transfer pricing, the minimum price charged by the transferring division must be the marginal (variable) cost of producing X + the contribution that is lost from selling however many units of Y could have been made for each X. 

‘Division A has limited skilled labour’ means that skilled labour is a scarce resource. If Division A now has to make X instead of Y, it will lose the contribution it currently makes on Product Y. This contribution is equal to $600 selling price – $200 Material costs – $80 labour costs = $320. 

It takes 4 hours to make a Y and 6 hours to make an X. So, every time we (in Division A) make an X, we will not make 1.5Ys because of the shortage of skilled labour. So we lose 1.5 Y × Contribution per unit $320 = $480. 

We add to this lost contribution a marginal cost of making an X of $150 (material) + $170 (labour). 

Total transfer price = $480 + $150 + $120 = $750 

Therefore, if Division A is to be no worse off by selling Product X to Division B instead of Product Y externally, the contribution per labour hour from selling X must also be $80. The opportunity cost is therefore $80 per labour hour.  

Since it uses 6 labour hours to make one unit, one unit must generate a contribution (i.e. opportunity cost in this context) of 6 × $80 i.e. $480. To arrive at a minimum transfer price, the marginal cost of producing X must be added. Total variable cost per unit of X = $150 + $270. Therefore, the minimum transfer price is $750. 

多做几道

 A government is trying to assess schools by using a range of financial and non-financial factors. One of the chosen methods is the percentage of students passing five exams or more. 

Which of the three Es in the value for money framework is being measured here? 

A

 Economy 

B

 Efficiency 

C

 Effectiveness 

D

 Expertise 

The following statements have been made about measuring performance in not-for-profit organisations: 

(1) Output does not usually have a market value, and it is therefore more difficult to measure effectiveness. 

(2) Control over the performance can only be satisfactorily achieved by assessments of ‘value for money’. 

Which of the above statements is/are true? 

A

 (1) only 

B

 (2) only 

C

 Neither (1) nor (2) 

D

 Both (1) and (2) 

The senior manager is suspicious of a local manager’s accounts and thinks that the profit performance may have been overstated.    

Which of the following would be a plausible explanation of an overstatement of profit? 

A

 Delaying payments to payables 

B

 Shortening the useful economic life of a non-current asset 

C

Overstatement of a prepayment 

D

Overstatement of an accrual 

Which of the following statements regarding standard setting is correct? 

A

 Imposed standards are more likely to be achieved 

B

Managers across the organisation should be targeted using the same standards 

C

Standards should be set at an ideal level with no built in stretch 

D

 Participation in standard setting is more motivating than where standards are imposed 

When setting performance measurement targets it should be considered that there is the possibility that managers will take a short term view of the company and may even be tempted to manipulate results in order to achieve their targets.   

Which of the following would assist in overcoming the problems of short-termism and manipulation of results? 

A

 Rewards should be linked to a wider variety of performance measures including some nonfinancial measures 

B

 Managers should only be rewarded for the results achieved in their own departments 

C

 Any capital investment decision should be judged using the payback method of investment appraisal 

D

 Setting targets involving the overall performance of the company will be more motivating for managers 

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