题目

KSO budgeted to sell 10,000 units of a new product during 20X0. The budgeted sales price was $10 per unit, and the variable cost $3 per unit. Actual sales in 20X0 were 12,000 units and variable costs of sales were $30,000, but sales revenue was only $5 per unit. With the benefit of hindsight, it is realised that the budgeted sales price of $10 was hopelessly optimistic, and a price of $4.50 per unit would have been much more realistic. 

Required 

Calculate planning and operational variances for sales price. 

Chapter12Planningandoperationalvariances

The only variances are selling price variances. 

Planning (selling price) variance  

                                                                                     $ per unit 

Original budgeted sales price                                  10.00 

Revised budgeted sales price                                    4.50 

Sales price planning variance                                     5.50 (A) 

The planning variance is adverse because the revised sales price is lower than the sales price in the original budget. As a result, actual profit will not achieve the budgeted profit level. 

The total sales price planning variance is obtained by multiplying the planning variance per unit by the actual number of units sold (not the budgeted number of units sold). 

Sales price planning variance = $5.50 per unit (A) × 12,000 units sold  = $66,000 (A). 

Operational (selling price) variance 

The sales price operational variance is calculated in the same way as a 'normal' sales price variance, except that the sales price in the revised budget is used, not the original budget.  

                                                                                            $ 

12,000 units sold for (12,000 × $5)                        60,000 

They should have sold for (× $4.5)                         54,000 

Operational (selling price) variance                          6,000 (F) 

多做几道

What objectives might the following not for profit organisations have? 

(a) An army                                                (d) A political party 

(b) A local council                                     (e) A college 

(c) A charity 

One of the objectives of a local government body could be 'to provide adequate street lighting throughout the area'. 

(a) How could the 'adequacy' of street lighting be measured? 

(b) Assume that other objectives are to improve road safety in the area and to reduce crime. How much does 'adequate' street lighting contribute to each of these aims? 

(c) What is an excessive amount of money to pay for adequately lit streets, improved road safety and reduced crime? How much is too little? 

What general objectives of non profit seeking organisations are being described in each of the following? 

(a) Maximising what is offered 

(b) Satisfying the wants of staff and volunteers 

(c) Equivalent to profit maximisation 

(d) Matching capacity available 

A division with capital employed of $400,000 currently earns an ROI of 22%. It can make an additional investment of $50,000 for a five year life with nil residual value. The average net profit from this investment would be $12,000 after depreciation. The division's cost of capital is 14%. 

What are the residual incomes before and after the investment? 

The transfer pricing system operated by a divisional company has the potential to make a significant contribution towards the achievement of corporate financial objectives. 

Required 

Explain the potential benefits of operating a transfer pricing system within a divisionalised company. 

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